Hydro-Gravitational-Dynamics: Viscosity and Fragmentation

Stephan’s Quintet (SQ) is a compact group of galaxies that has been well studied since its discovery in 1877 but is mysterious using cold dark matter hierarchical clustering cosmology (CDMHCC). Anomalous red shifts z = (0.0027, 0.019, 0.022, 0.022, 0.022) among galaxies in SQ either reduce it to a Trio with two highly improbable intruders from CDMHCC or support the Arp (1973) hypothesis that its red shifts are intrinsic. An alternative is provided by the Gibson 1996-2006 hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) theory where superclusters, clusters and galaxies all originate by gravitational fragmentation in the superviscous plasma epoch and at planetary and star cluster mass scales in the primordial gas of the expanding universe. By this fluid-mechanical cosmology, the SQ galaxies gently separate and remain precisely along a line of sight because of perspective and the small transverse velocities permitted by their sticky viscousgravitational beginnings. Star and gas bridges and young-globular-star-cluster (YGC) trails observed by the Hubble Space Telescope are triggered as SQ galaxies separate through viscous baryonic-dark-matter halos of dark proto-globularcluster (PGC) clumps of frozen Earth-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs). Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, UCSD ar X iv :0 71 0. 54 49 v3 [ as tr oph ] 3 1 O ct 2 00 7